ResNet

ResNet在2015年由微软实验室提出，斩获当年lmageNet竞赛中分类任务第一名，目标检测第一名。获得coco数据集中目标检测第一名，图像分割第一名。

ResNet亮点

1.超深的网络结构(突破1000层)
2.提出residual模块
3.使用Batch Normalization加速训练(丢弃dropout)

网络一定是越深越好吗？

一般来说，网络越深，咱们能获取的信息越多，而且特征也越丰富。我们思考一个问题，我们一直加深我们的网络，取得的效果一定越好吗？

看到这两幅图我们看到，网络并不是深度越深效果越好，那么是什么原因导致的呢？在ResNet论文中，提出了两个问题，一个是随着网络深度的增加，梯度消失或梯度爆炸问题；另一个是退化问题。为了让更深的网络也能训练出好的效果，何恺明提出了ResNet网络。

残差结构

左边的残差结构用于ResNet-34，右边的残差结构用于ResNet-50/101/152。残差结构可以用表达式F(x)=f(x)+x表示。左边的残差结构很简单，主线f(x)是两个3x3的卷积，最后与x合并。右边多了两个1x1的卷积，用来降维和升维(减少参数量)。

ResNet网络结构

我们着重分析一下ResNet-34结构，可以看到是由多个残差结构堆叠而成：

为什么会有实线和虚线之分呢？从网络参数图上可以看到，经过一个类型的第一个残差结构后，图像的大小为原来的一半，我们拿第一条虚线举例：输入图像为56x56x64，输出为28x28x128，所以分支需要一个1x1卷积来将输入图处理成输出大小。

右侧虚线残差结构的主分支上第一个1x1卷积层的步距是2，第二个3x3卷积层步距是1。但在pytorch官方实现过程中是第一个1x1卷积层的步距是1，第二个3x3卷积层步距是2，这样能够在imagenet的top1上提升大概0.5%的准确率。

Batch Normalization

Batch Normalization是google团队在2015年论文《Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift》提出的。通过该方法能够加速网络的收敛并提升准确率。我们在图像预处理过程中通常会对图像进行标准化处理，这样能够加速网络的收敛，假设对于Conv1来说输入的就是满足某一分布的特征矩阵，但对于Conv2而言经过Conv1卷积后输入的feature map就不一定满足某一分布规律了。而我们Batch Normalization的目的就是使我们的feature map满足均值为0，方差为1的分布规律。下图是一个示例：

我们需要知道的是将bn层放在卷积层（Conv）和激活层（例如Relu）之间，且卷积层不要使用偏置bias，如图所示：

ResNet实现

1.建立模型：

import torch.nn as nn
import torchclass BasicBlock(nn.Module):expansion = 1def __init__(self, in_channel, out_channel, stride=1, downsample=None, **kwargs):super(BasicBlock, self).__init__()self.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=in_channel, out_channels=out_channel,kernel_size=3, stride=stride, padding=1, bias=False)self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channel)self.relu = nn.ReLU()self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=out_channel, out_channels=out_channel,kernel_size=3, stride=1, padding=1, bias=False)self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channel)self.downsample = downsampledef forward(self, x):identity = xif self.downsample is not None:identity = self.downsample(x)out = self.conv1(x)out = self.bn1(out)out = self.relu(out)out = self.conv2(out)out = self.bn2(out)out += identityout = self.relu(out)return outclass Bottleneck(nn.Module):expansion = 4def __init__(self, in_channel, out_channel, stride=1, downsample=None,groups=1, width_per_group=64):super(Bottleneck, self).__init__()width = int(out_channel * (width_per_group / 64.)) * groupsself.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=in_channel, out_channels=width,kernel_size=1, stride=1, bias=False)  # squeeze channelsself.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(width)# -----------------------------------------self.conv2 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=width, out_channels=width, groups=groups,kernel_size=3, stride=stride, bias=False, padding=1)self.bn2 = nn.BatchNorm2d(width)# -----------------------------------------self.conv3 = nn.Conv2d(in_channels=width, out_channels=out_channel*self.expansion,kernel_size=1, stride=1, bias=False)  # unsqueeze channelsself.bn3 = nn.BatchNorm2d(out_channel*self.expansion)self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)self.downsample = downsampledef forward(self, x):identity = xif self.downsample is not None:identity = self.downsample(x)out = self.conv1(x)out = self.bn1(out)out = self.relu(out)out = self.conv2(out)out = self.bn2(out)out = self.relu(out)out = self.conv3(out)out = self.bn3(out)out += identityout = self.relu(out)return outclass ResNet(nn.Module):def __init__(self,block,blocks_num,num_classes=1000,include_top=True,groups=1,width_per_group=64):super(ResNet, self).__init__()self.include_top = include_topself.in_channel = 64self.groups = groupsself.width_per_group = width_per_groupself.conv1 = nn.Conv2d(3, self.in_channel, kernel_size=7, stride=2,padding=3, bias=False)self.bn1 = nn.BatchNorm2d(self.in_channel)self.relu = nn.ReLU(inplace=True)self.maxpool = nn.MaxPool2d(kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1)self.layer1 = self._make_layer(block, 64, blocks_num[0])self.layer2 = self._make_layer(block, 128, blocks_num[1], stride=2)self.layer3 = self._make_layer(block, 256, blocks_num[2], stride=2)self.layer4 = self._make_layer(block, 512, blocks_num[3], stride=2)if self.include_top:self.avgpool = nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d((1, 1))  # output size = (1, 1)self.fc = nn.Linear(512 * block.expansion, num_classes)for m in self.modules():if isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode='fan_out', nonlinearity='relu')def _make_layer(self, block, channel, block_num, stride=1):downsample = Noneif stride != 1 or self.in_channel != channel * block.expansion:downsample = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(self.in_channel, channel * block.expansion, kernel_size=1, stride=stride, bias=False),nn.BatchNorm2d(channel * block.expansion))layers = []layers.append(block(self.in_channel,channel,downsample=downsample,stride=stride,groups=self.groups,width_per_group=self.width_per_group))self.in_channel = channel * block.expansionfor _ in range(1, block_num):layers.append(block(self.in_channel,channel,groups=self.groups,width_per_group=self.width_per_group))return nn.Sequential(*layers)def forward(self, x):x = self.conv1(x)x = self.bn1(x)x = self.relu(x)x = self.maxpool(x)x = self.layer1(x)x = self.layer2(x)x = self.layer3(x)x = self.layer4(x)if self.include_top:x = self.avgpool(x)x = torch.flatten(x, 1)x = self.fc(x)return xdef resnet34(num_classes=1000, include_top=True):# https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet34-333f7ec4.pthreturn ResNet(BasicBlock, [3, 4, 6, 3], num_classes=num_classes, include_top=include_top)def resnet50(num_classes=1000, include_top=True):# https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet50-19c8e357.pthreturn ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3], num_classes=num_classes, include_top=include_top)def resnet101(num_classes=1000, include_top=True):# https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnet101-5d3b4d8f.pthreturn ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3], num_classes=num_classes, include_top=include_top)def resnext50_32x4d(num_classes=1000, include_top=True):# https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnext50_32x4d-7cdf4587.pthgroups = 32width_per_group = 4return ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 6, 3],num_classes=num_classes,include_top=include_top,groups=groups,width_per_group=width_per_group)def resnext101_32x8d(num_classes=1000, include_top=True):# https://download.pytorch.org/models/resnext101_32x8d-8ba56ff5.pthgroups = 32width_per_group = 8return ResNet(Bottleneck, [3, 4, 23, 3],num_classes=num_classes,include_top=include_top,groups=groups,width_per_group=width_per_group)

2.训练模型：

import os
import sys
import jsonimport torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.optim as optim
from torchvision import transforms, datasets
from tqdm import tqdmfrom model import resnet34def main():device = torch.device("cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")print("using {} device.".format(device))data_transform = {"train": transforms.Compose([transforms.RandomResizedCrop(224),transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])# transforms.ConvertImageDtype('RGB')]),"val": transforms.Compose([transforms.Resize(256),transforms.CenterCrop(224),transforms.ToTensor(),transforms.Normalize([0.485, 0.456, 0.406], [0.229, 0.224, 0.225])])}train_dataset = datasets.ImageFolder(root='./train',transform=data_transform["train"])train_num = len(train_dataset)flower_list = train_dataset.class_to_idxcla_dict = dict((val, key) for key, val in flower_list.items())json_str = json.dumps(cla_dict, indent=4)with open('class_indices.json', 'w') as json_file:json_file.write(json_str)batch_size = 16nw = min([os.cpu_count(), batch_size if batch_size > 1 else 0, 8])  # number of workersprint('Using {} dataloader workers every process'.format(nw))train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset,batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True,num_workers=nw)validate_dataset = datasets.ImageFolder(root='./val',transform=data_transform["val"])val_num = len(validate_dataset)validate_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(validate_dataset,batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False,num_workers=nw)print("using {} images for training, {} images for validation.".format(train_num, val_num))net = resnet34(num_classes=36)net.to(device)# define loss functionloss_function = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()# construct an optimizerparams = [p for p in net.parameters() if p.requires_grad]optimizer = optim.Adam(params, lr=0.0001)epochs = 15best_acc = 0.0save_path = './resNet34.pth'train_steps = len(train_loader)for epoch in range(epochs):# trainnet.train()running_loss = 0.0train_bar = tqdm(train_loader, file=sys.stdout)for step, data in enumerate(train_bar):images, labels = dataoptimizer.zero_grad()logits = net(images.to(device))loss = loss_function(logits, labels.to(device))loss.backward()optimizer.step()# print statisticsrunning_loss += loss.item()train_bar.desc = "train epoch[{}/{}] loss:{:.3f}".format(epoch + 1,epochs,loss)# validatenet.eval()acc = 0.0  # accumulate accurate number / epochwith torch.no_grad():val_bar = tqdm(validate_loader, file=sys.stdout)for val_data in val_bar:val_images, val_labels = val_dataoutputs = net(val_images.to(device))# loss = loss_function(outputs, test_labels)predict_y = torch.max(outputs, dim=1)[1]acc += torch.eq(predict_y, val_labels.to(device)).sum().item()val_bar.desc = "valid epoch[{}/{}]".format(epoch + 1,epochs)val_accurate = acc / val_numprint('[epoch %d] train_loss: %.3f  val_accuracy: %.3f' %(epoch + 1, running_loss / train_steps, val_accurate))if val_accurate > best_acc:best_acc = val_accuratetorch.save(net.state_dict(), save_path)print('Finished Training')if __name__ == '__main__':main()