虽然plink2.0已经存在好久了，但是一直用的都是plink1.9，因为语法熟悉。更主要是plink2.0语法变动太大，害怕步子迈得太大了……
今天看一下plink2.0的读入和输出数据常用参数，
plink2.0用是不会用的，2022年都不会用！！！但是碰到bgen，pgen数据进行转化为bed，bim，fam文件，然后用plink1.9使用的想法还是有的，而且很大！！！
本篇目的：使用plink2.0软件将下面格式随便输入、输出
plink1.9的ped和map数据，不如：a.ped, a.map plink1.9的bed和bim和fam数据，比如：a.bim, a.bed, a.fam plink2.0的bgen和sample数据，比如：a.bgen, a.sample plink2.0的pgen和bim和fam数据，比如a.pgen,a.fam,a.bim 1，plink2.0的提升
plink2.0主要是从以下几个方面，相对于plink1.9有较大的提升：
1，保留参考等位基因的信息，比如vcf格式的数据，不要添加参数 --keep-allele-order。这样vcf变为plink，plink变为vcf就可以不用指定ref和alt了，切换无障碍！
2，新的.pgen文件，结合SNPack-style的压缩，可以节约80%的文件大小。比如1000个Genomes，比压缩的gzip文件小70%，且不丢失任何信息。压缩文件空间更小，速度更快。
3，旧版的二进制文件（bed，bim和fam）文件，plink2.0依旧支持，输出文件包括两种：–make-bpgen 和 --make-bpfile文件。可以支持plink1.9的文件格式，无论是map和ped数据，还是bed，bim和fam格式。
4，分析模块，进行了优化。标准的logistic回归分析失败产生NA或者无意义的结果，–glm比plink1.9的–linear速度提升1000倍。尤其是填充的剂量效应的基因型值（比如0.2,1.8这样的非整数型数据）。PCA分析汇总，增加了参数PCA approx，当样本超过1万，这个参数可以不影响精度（影响不到1%），大大提升计算效率。样本量支持得更多，处理速度更快！
2，plink2.0 安装
plink2.0 网站：https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/
二进制文件，直接执行，支持：
建议：plink1.9简写为plink，plink2.0 简写为plink2
3，plink帮助文档
可以通过官网查询具体参数：https://www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/
也可以在命令行中调出帮助文档：
比如直接键入plink2，出现基础参数：
$ plink2PLINK v2.00a3.7LM AVX2 Intel (24 Oct 2022) www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/
(C) 2005-2022 Shaun Purcell, Christopher Chang GNU General Public License v3plink2 想查看一下–export的用法，可以看到主要功能：
A，是0-1-2编码 ped，是map和ped格式 vcf，是vcf格式 bgen-1.x，包括1.1, 1.2， 1.3，都是bgen格式 $ plink2 --export --help
PLINK v2.00a3.7LM AVX2 Intel (24 Oct 2022) www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/
(C) 2005-2022 Shaun Purcell, Christopher Chang GNU General Public License v3
--help present, ignoring other flags.--export [{01 | 12}] ['bgz'] ['id-delim=']['id-paste='] ['include-alt']['omit-nonmale-y'] ['spaces'] ['vcf-dosage='] ['ref-first']['bits='<#>] ['sample-v2']Create a new fileset with all filters applied. The following outputformats are supported:(actually, only A, AD, Av, bcf, bgen-1.x, haps, hapslegend, ind-major-bed,oxford, ped, tped, and vcf are implemented for now)* '23': 23andMe 4-column format. This can only be used on a singlesample's data (--keep may be handy), and does not supportmulticharacter allele codes.* 'A': Sample-major additive (0/1/2) coding, suitable for loading from R.If you need uncounted alleles to be named in the header line, addthe 'include-alt' modifier.* 'AD': Sample-major additive (0/1/2) + dominant (het=1/hom=0) coding.Also supports 'include-alt'.* 'Av': Variant-major 0/1/2.* 'beagle': Unphased per-autosome .dat and .map files, readable by earlyBEAGLE versions.* 'beagle-nomap': Single .beagle.dat file.* 'bgen-1.x': Oxford-format .bgen + .sample. For v1.2/v1.3, sampleidentifiers are stored in the .bgen (with id-delim andid-paste settings applied), and default precision is 16-bit(use the 'bits' modifier to reduce this).* 'bimbam': Regular BIMBAM format.* 'bimbam-1chr': BIMBAM format, with a two-column .pos.txt file. Does notsupport multiple chromosomes.* 'fastphase': Per-chromosome fastPHASE files, with.chr-.phase.inp filename extensions.* 'fastphase-1chr': Single .phase.inp file. Does not supportmultiple chromosomes.* 'haps', 'hapslegend': Oxford-format .haps + .sample[ + .legend]. Alldata must be biallelic and phased. When the 'bgz'modifier is present, the .haps file isblock-gzipped.* 'HV': Per-chromosome Haploview files, with .chr-{.ped,.info}filename extensions.* 'HV-1chr': Single Haploview .ped + .info file pair. Does not supportmultiple chromosomes.* 'ind-major-bed': PLINK 1 sample-major .bed (+ .bim + .fam).* 'lgen': PLINK 1 long-format (.lgen + .fam + .map), loadable with --lfile.* 'lgen-ref': .lgen + .fam + .map + .ref, loadable with --lfile +--reference.* 'list': Single genotype-based list, up to 4 lines per variant. To omitnonmale genotypes on the Y chromosome, add the 'omit-nonmale-y'modifier.* 'rlist': .rlist + .fam + .map fileset, where the .rlist file is agenotype-based list which omits the most common genotype foreach variant. Also supports 'omit-nonmale-y'.* 'oxford', 'oxford-v2': Oxford-format .gen + .sample. When the 'bgz'modifier is present, the .gen file isblock-gzipped. 'oxford' requests the original.gen file format with 5 leading columns(understood by older PLINK builds); 'oxford-v2'requests the current 6-leading-column flavor.* 'ped', 'compound-genotypes': PLINK 1 sample-major (.ped + .map),loadable with --pedmap.* 'structure': Structure-format.* 'tped': PLINK 1 variant-major (.tped + .tfam), loadable with --tfile.* 'vcf', : VCF (default version 4.3). If PAR1 and PAR2 are present,'vcf-4.2', they are automatically merged with chrX, with proper'bcf', handling of chromosome codes and male ploidy.'bcf-4.2' When the 'bgz' modifier is present, the VCF file isblock-gzipped. (This always happens with BCF output.)The 'id-paste' modifier controls which .psam columns areused to construct sample IDs (choices are maybefid, fid,iid, maybesid, and sid; default is maybefid,iid,maybesid),while the 'id-delim' modifier sets the character between theID pieces (default '_').Genotypes are always exported. If you want to export asites-only VCF instead, see --make-pgen/--make-just-pvar's'vcfheader' column set.Dosages are not exported unless the 'vcf-dosage=' modifieris present. The following six dosage export modes aresupported:'GP': genotype posterior probabilities (v4.3 only).'DS': Minimac3-style dosages, omitted for hardcalls.'DS-force': Minimac3-style dosages, never omit.'DS-only': Same as DS-force, except GT field is omitted.'HDS': Minimac3-style phased dosages, omitted for hardcallsand unphased calls. Also includes 'DS' output.'HDS-force': Always report DS and HDS.In addition,* The '12' modifier causes alt1 alleles to be coded as '1' and ref allelesto be coded as '2', while '01' maps alt1 -> 0 and ref -> 1.* The 'spaces' modifier makes the output space-delimited instead oftab-delimited, whenever both are permitted.* For biallelic formats where it's unspecified whether the reference/majorallele should appear first or second, --export defaults to second forcompatibility with PLINK 1.9. Use 'ref-first' to change this.(Note that this doesn't apply to the 'A', 'AD', and 'Av' formats; use--export-allele to control which alleles are counted there.)* 'sample-v2' exports .sample files according to the QCTOOLv2 rather thanthe original specification. Only one ID column is exported ('id-paste'and 'id-delim' settings apply), parental IDs are exported if present, andcategory names are preserved rather than converted to positive integers.--export-allele : With --export A/AD/Av, count alleles named in thefile, instead of REF alleles. 4. plink2.0 笔记
4.1 读取plink的ped和map数据
plink2.0，没有–file这个参数了，变为了：--pedmap，也可以分开写，比如 --ped --map分别接ped和map数据。
plink2 --ped yuanshi.ped --map yuanshi.map或者写为：
plink2 --pedmap yuanshi默认输出文件：
plink2.log plink2.pgen plink2.psam plink2.pvarplink2.log，log日志，不用理会 plink2.pgen，二进制文件，类似plink1.9的bim文件 plink2.psam，个体和性别信息 plink2.pvar，snp的信息，包括染色体、物理位置、名称、ref和alt 4.2 读取plink的bed，bim和fam数据
plink1.9的二进制数据是bed，bim和fam数据，plink2.0通过–bfile指定。
比如读取plink1.9的二进制文件，输出bgen格式：
plink2 --bfile a1 --export bgen-1.1 --out t1
日志：
$ plink2 --bfile a1 --export bgen-1.1 --out t1
PLINK v2.00a3.7LM AVX2 Intel (24 Oct 2022) www.cog-genomics.org/plink/2.0/
(C) 2005-2022 Shaun Purcell, Christopher Chang GNU General Public License v3
Logging to t1.log.
Options in effect:--bfile a1--export bgen-1.1--out t1Start time: Thu Dec 1 18:59:10 2022
1031523 MiB RAM detected; reserving 515761 MiB for main workspace.
Using up to 96 threads (change this with --threads).
86 samples (0 females, 0 males, 86 ambiguous; 86 founders) loaded from a1.fam.
50904 variants loaded from a1.bim.
Note: No phenotype data present.
Writing t1.bgen ... done.
Writing t1.sample ... done.4.3 读取bgen和sample格式
导出ped和map的格式：
plink2 --bgen t1.bgen 'ref-last' --sample t1.sample --export ped --out x1注意：bgen和sample是一对数据，读取时，要分开指定，–bgen， --sample，同时要指定‘ref-last’，即后面的是ref，前面的是alt，也可以修改。
4.4 读取vcf数据
导出ped和map数据
读取vcf，导出ped和map数据：需要定义--export ped
plink2 --vcf x2.vcf --export ped --out y1导出bed和bim和fam数据
读取vcf数据，导出bim，bed和fam数据：需要定义--make-bed
plink2 --vcf x2.vcf --make-bed --out y2导出bgen数据
读取vcf数据，导出bgen和sample数据，需要定义--export bgen-1.1
plink2 --vcf x2.vcf --export bgen-1.1 --out y3上面就是我的总结，更多内容，欢迎关注我的公众号：育种数据分析之放飞自我
